Annika Lindberg
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in Deportation limbo

Index

abandonment 5, 10, 1415, 23, 36, 95, 118, 127, 129, 132, 138, 142
see also destitution; exhaustion, politics of exhaustion
abolitionist(s) 16, 42, 149
absurdity
absurd 9, 51, 128, 140, 146
Act (1994: 137) on the reception of asylum seekers and others 117
LMA 119, 122, 124131, 139
see also asylum, asylum reception
activation 5253, 105, 116
activist(s) 7, 9, 1415, 44, 64, 82, 90, 94, 108, 109, 111, 136
see also Castaway Souls; struggle(s) against deportations; Young in Sweden
activities 2, 39, 43, 48, 52, 7778, 97, 101, 104106, 109, 113, 116
Afghanistan 43, 75, 132139, 143
Afghan citizens 132136
Afghan government 12
Arendt, H. 63, 8284, 90
see also banality of evil
asylum
asylum application(s) 1, 2, 8, 10, 17, 25, 31, 36, 39, 94, 96, 100, 107, 117119, 124125, 128, 130, 131, 134135, 138
rejected asylum application 8, 39, 100, 125
asylum camp(s) 3, 30, 31, 39, 65, 96, 98, 105106, 111
asylum case(s) 3, 32, 37, 58, 67, 69, 9697, 100, 110, 113, 129
asylum caseworker 17, 120
asylum law(s) 10, 31, 34, 38, 96, 113, 134, 136, 139
asylum (and migration) policy 27, 29, 3335, 114
asylum reception 27, 31, 35, 117
see also Act (1994: 137) on the reception of asylum seekers and others, LMA
people seeking asylum 29, 30, 94, 124, 142
see also liminal legality
Asylum Reception Directive 95
Avnstrup 9, 9698, 100, 104, 106, 108109, 112113, 154
banality of evil 8284
see also Arendt, H.
Boochani, B. 5, 10, 45, 58, 89, 110, 149, 152
border(s)
border controls 5, 3536, 46
border crosser(s) 11, 16, 18, 19, 41, 64
border enforcement 99, 147
border guard(s) 50, 53, 63
border industrial complex 10
border police 13, 67, 123, 131, 139, 154
border regime(s) 16, 18, 27, 37, 41, 81, 84, 105, 129, 141, 148149, 151, 158
border (and migration) research 18, 144149
border violence 16, 89, 148
border zones 10, 143
internal bordering 18, 30, 4041, 129, 144
boredom 5859
see also waiting
Borrelli, L. M. 5, 6, 18, 22, 38, 58, 77, 80, 118, 153, 157158
bureaucracy
bureaucratic inscription 3839, 127, 132
bureaucratic violence 63, 90
‘many hands’ of bureaucracy 82
street-level bureaucrats 18, 157
see also frontline workers
care
care and compassion 69, 72, 87
care and control 21, 95, 126
see also seeing
cruel care 110
Castaway Souls 11, 15, 21, 94, 111
see also activist(s); struggle(s) against deportations
citizenship
anti-citizen 34
non-citizen(s) 5, 16, 26
racialised citizen(s) 26, 144145
technology/ies of citizenship 6, 141, 144
civil society 107, 112, 117, 126127, 131134, 138
colonialism 19, 26, 140
colonial complicities 37
coloniality
of knowledge 19
modernity/coloniality 145146
colour-blindness 39, 42, 57
see also Nordic exceptionalism
confinement
architecture(s) of confinement 72
de facto confinement 94, 97
see also Kærshovedgård
solitary confinement 57, 6162, 65, 79, 86, 89, 92
violence of confinement 57, 81, 89
contestation(s) 1, 5, 8, 10, 69, 94, 113, 138, 142
continuum of (state) violence 1316, 23, 140, 158
see also violence
Coutin, S. 48, 140, 148
COVID-19 1113, 15, 48, 91, 126, 156
sanitary mobility apartheid 12
criminalisation 9, 23, 27, 31, 44, 49, 64, 98, 100, 108111, 141, 145
Danish immigration authorities 25, 28, 29, 47, 96
Danish Immigration Agency/Service 48, 154
Refugee Appeals Board 29, 32
Return Agency 31, 51, 96, 104, 153
De Genova, N. 6, 810, 29, 118
dehumanisation 5, 16, 17, 19, 45, 53, 57, 6264, 84, 90, 9899, 111, 147, 158
deportability 5, 8, 29, 32, 111, 113, 124, 132
deportable 7, 12, 14, 20, 32, 34, 39, 49, 63, 123, 132, 143, 147
non-deportability 9, 11, 124, 127
non-deportable 12, 98, 118
deportation
deportation gap 4, 8
deportation order 3, 8, 17, 33, 39, 47, 67, 88, 91, 97, 105, 107, 110, 113, 117, 118, 120122, 125, 139
deportation process 8, 1314, 44, 51, 65, 69, 7375, 77, 78, 91, 97, 102, 116, 118119, 122, 123, 125, 133, 154
deportation regime(s) 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 21, 23, 46, 51, 62, 70, 82, 104, 106, 112, 113, 115, 123, 133, 136, 151
deportation studies 6, 148
deportation turn 7, 26
see also expulsion; voluntary return
deportspora 5, 143
derecording 23, 118, 125, 127, 132, 137
deservingness 129, 131, 133, 137, 144
see also vulnerability
destitution 4, 9, 10, 16, 117, 124, 126, 127, 129, 139, 146
see also abandonment; exhaustion, politics of exhaustion
deterrence 31, 32, 100, 124, 126127, 134, 137138, 142
see also motivation enhancement measures
displacement 4, 6, 8, 34, 46, 73, 145
in law and policy 34, 131, 137
Dublin Regulation 7, 24, 27, 51, 75, 96, 125, 134136
egalitarianism 5, 17, 26, 34, 38, 4041
Ellebæk deportation prison 43, 46, 63, 64, 69, 154
see also incarceration; migration, migration-related detention
emotions 78, 82, 156158
racial emotions 56
epistemology
epistemic complicity 157
epistemic violence 18, 158
ethics 18, 66, 151, 156
ethnography
patchwork ethnography 2021
political ethnography 5, 1719, 142
Europe 5, 7, 8, 12, 2325, 27, 30, 33, 40, 107, 108, 114115, 129, 134, 136, 137, 142, 145
European Union 24
European Commission 6, 7, 24
New Pact on Asylum and Migration 7
European Commissioner for Human Rights 12, 126, 131
European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) 24, 95, 139
exclusion 2526, 3438, 84, 99, 100, 113, 131, 138, 141142
bureaucratic exclusion 3840
exclusion from welfare 125127
inclusive exclusion 39
exhaustion 118, 127, 137, 156
politics of exhaustion 127, 136
see also abandonment; destitution
expulsion 4, 9, 41, 44, 58, 64, 73, 84, 88, 118, 142, 146
see also deportation
fantasy/fantasies 4, 710, 19, 32, 56, 74, 75, 99, 102, 140, 142, 150
force
coercive force 36, 75, 81, 95, 122, 123
force of law 120121
frontline workers 5, 18, 20
caseworker(s) 17, 7476, 117, 122
return caseworker 126, 131, 140, 148
migration official(s) 5, 23, 122123, 130131, 134136, 154
police officer(s) 5, 13, 2021, 26, 51, 59, 62, 91, 123, 131, 154
social worker(s) 5, 2021, 102, 129, 130131, 137, 154
see also bureaucracy, street-level bureaucrats
future(s) 29, 31, 74, 108110, 113114, 132133, 135, 152
gatekeeping 40
gender 8, 2021, 53, 131, 141
gender studies 42
Gilmore, R. W. 5, 16, 41, 145, 149
Goldberg, D. T. 26, 37, 41, 84
Gordon, A. 113, 146
harmonisation 7, 27, 136
healthcare
access to healthcare 10, 39
emergency healthcare 104, 110
hope(s) 74, 105, 109110, 114, 120, 133134, 136
hostile hospitality 72
humanitarianism 17, 26, 35, 37, 69, 89, 123
humane and dignified 6970
humanitarian actors 21, 104
see also Red Cross
humanitarian minimum 106, 126
humanitarian values 36
see also Nordic exceptionalism
human rights 8, 3133, 35, 39, 70, 73, 127, 146
human rights conventions 29, 95, 108
human rights organisations 15, 100
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 138
ignorance 146, 158
illegalisation 19, 145
illegalised 5, 8, 88, 136
incarceration 5, 9, 15, 16, 38, 45, 47, 48, 5859, 69, 71, 75, 80, 8789, 95, 96, 129, 142, 145146
see also Ellebæk deportation prison; migration, migration-related detention
indifference 17, 63, 118
individualisation 63, 90
infrastructure(s)
infrastructures of deterrence 32
infrastructures of intolerability 95
infrastructures of racism 6, 16, 64
integration 2930, 33, 3738
interview(s) 2021, 39, 94, 131, 154155
asylum interview 17, 134
intolerability
intolerability regime 104, 107, 109111, 113
intolerable 1, 5, 32, 39, 95, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 151
Kærshovedgård 93, 96100, 110, 112, 113, 116, 154
see also confinement, de facto confinement; Sjælsmark deportation camp
Khosravi, S. 5, 6, 11, 16, 19, 22, 26, 3334, 3840, 64, 70, 7273, 114, 129, 133, 137, 143144, 148
knowledge 6, 1921, 23, 37, 90, 147149, 156, 158
source of knowledge 5556
labour
exploitable labour 9, 144
labour market 3233, 39, 88, 144
prison labour 5253
welfare and labour rights 6, 25, 30, 39
law
deportation law 31, 34
(im)migration law(s) 9, 16, 30, 35, 42, 50, 65, 82, 100, 136
law enforcement 39, 51, 139
Law ‘on temporary restrictions in the possibility to obtain residency in Sweden’ 33
lawyer(s) 17, 20, 21, 32, 44, 54, 68, 71, 73, 81
legal status 25, 53, 143144
see also liminal legality
legibility, illegibility 52, 56, 136
legitimacy 56, 64, 83, 87, 113
liminal legality 910, 142
see also asylum; legal status
Mbembe, A. 110, 127
see also necropolitics
migrants
migrants’ advocacy groups 12, 15, 20
racialised migrants 34, 38, 40
migration
(im)migration control regime(s) 7, 25, 29, 33, 35, 136
migration-related detention 18, 19, 23, 58, 71, 80, 90
see also Ellebæk deportation prison; incarceration
motivation enhancement measures 2, 94, 105106, 110
see also deterrence; Sjælsmark deportation camp
nationalism
national identity 35
national order of things 89, 19, 64
necropolitics 126127
see also Mbembe, A.; violence, slow violence
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 6, 39, 105, 123, 126, 131, 137, 148, 155
non-refoulement 8
non-Western 3031, 38, 42, 53, 56
Nordic exceptionalism 22, 40
see also colour-blindness; humanitarianism
Parliamentary Ombudsman 49, 139
penal code 42, 48
police 11, 13, 19, 29, 32, 50, 5962, 65, 70, 75, 81, 8587, 91, 98, 101, 103, 17, 119, 128129, 131, 133
Danish police 49, 153
Swedish police 36, 51, 6768, 74, 121123, 139
politics of presence 111, 113, 133
precarity
precarious condition 131, 136
precarious legal status 12, 25, 144
premature death 5, 15, 16, 22, 41, 58, 108, 114, 140, 152
see also vulnerability, distribution of vulnerability
Prison and Probation Service 1, 36, 43, 4546, 50, 73, 98, 103, 153155
punishment 6, 23, 64, 69, 100, 107
punitive measures 49, 62, 65
race 8, 13, 1617, 53, 64, 73, 141, 145
see also racism
racialisation 24, 64, 89
racial exceptionalism 3637
racial homogeneity 22, 35, 37
racial inequality 16, 34, 37, 41, 53
racial matrices 5354, 64, 144
racial order 81, 145, 147
racial slurs 54, 57, 65
see also race; racism; whiteness
racism 16, 30, 34, 3738, 4041, 44, 57, 6364, 73, 8687, 145
see also race; racialisation; whiteness
rationality 9091
readmission agreement(s) 7, 29, 32, 122123, 142
Red Cross 32, 39, 96, 98, 104106, 110, 112, 153
see also humanitarianism, humanitarian actors
relational analysis 26
research industry/industries 19, 141, 147148
responsibilisation 23, 111, 127, 137
Return Directive 27, 95
Schengen 2324, 36, 43
Schengen Regulation 27
seeing 7677, 88, 131
unseeing 88
see also care, care and control
Sjælsmark deportation camp 1, 11, 2225, 94, 96, 114, 154
see also Kærshovedgård; motivation enhancement measures
Social Democracy
Social Democratic government (Danish) 30, 31, 93, 9899, 112
Social Democratic prime minister (Swedish) 33
social services 128130, 139, 153
Social Service Act (2001: 453) 130
solidarity 37, 98, 143
solidarity networks 112
solitary confinement 57, 6162, 65, 79, 86, 89, 92
spectacle 51, 75, 98
Stanley, S. N. 11, 22, 9395, 98, 100, 114115, 140141, 146, 151, 159
struggle(s) against deportations 6, 21, 23
struggles by non-deported people 112
see also activist(s); Castaway Souls; Young in Sweden
stuckedness 10, 143
Suárez-Krabbe, J. 22, 26, 30, 3738, 41, 42, 9091, 111112, 145, 147
suicide 58, 62, 7980, 87, 89, 152
surveillance 7, 20, 30, 31, 36, 46, 103, 119, 129, 142
Swedish Aliens Act 34, 72, 119
Swedish border police 67, 75, 139
Swedish Migration Agency 17, 81, 85, 91, 117121, 123, 125, 127128, 130, 133, 136, 138139, 140, 148, 153154
accommodation units 117, 124, 131
Syria 2829, 32, 115, 143
temporary law 33, 133
time
temporal indeterminacy 11, 100
temporal violence 58, 109
unaccompanied minors 35, 131133
violence
anticipation of violence 5859, 102
everyday violence 57, 62
slow violence 1415, 21, 23, 95, 110111, 114115, 127, 151
see also necropolitics
structural violence 1415, 40, 59, 81, 137
symbolic violence 15
see also continuum of (state) violence
voluntary return 35, 36, 96, 104, 106, 118121, 137
see also deportation
vulnerability 125, 127, 144
distribution of vulnerability 13
see also premature death
see also deservingness
waiting 911, 5859, 94, 104, 108, 113, 128, 134135, 143, 148
awaiting deportation 43, 46, 51, 77, 91, 96
see also boredom
welfare
access to welfare 12, 25, 30, 118, 129, 130, 137
(minimum) welfare provisions 23, 40, 95, 104, 117118, 125, 129
social welfare 19, 39, 117, 118, 124, 131
welfare policy 131
welfare state(s) 5, 2223, 2526, 30, 3442, 76, 8384, 88, 127, 129, 131132, 137138, 140141, 146
whiteness 20, 56, 81, 90
see also racialisation; racism
Young in Sweden 132133
see also activist(s); struggle(s) against deportations
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Deportation limbo

State violence and contestations in the Nordics

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