limits their scope. (Henry Kissinger)1 Summary As the EU and NATO enlarge, prospects for overall economic growth and peace are good, even if tensions both within and without the enlarged circle of EU and NATO member states could cloud the picture, as over Iraq in 2003. Prospects for peace and prosperity improved in South-Eastern Europe under a Stability Pact for the region, involving major international assistance. Continuing EU and NATO enlargement will mean an eastward shift of Europe’s ‘centre of gravity’, with a major role for Germany. That country is, however
Russia in terms of business, but also in sensitive areas including in the military and intelligence domains. Another interpretation draws attention to the persistent friction between the West, particularly in its institutional forms such as the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Russia, whether over questions of wider Euro-Atlantic security, such as that caused by the
the relevance, if any, of the NATO air campaign in Kosovo.16 They are provided with copies of all the material provided to Milosevic and other specified documents, but they are not provided with any filings made on an ex parte basis. Milosevic protested at the appointment of the amici, regarding them simply as part of the ICTY and an expression of what he ironically termed the ‘Hague fair play’. In October 2000, Wladimiroff ’s appointment was revoked after Milosevic complained that Wladimiroff had written articles that gave rise to a reasonable perception of bias
’. As happens with organisations such as NATO, the EU’s ‘desire for security is manifested as a collective resentment of difference – that which is not us, not certain, not predictable’. 18 The ‘enemy’ of Europe’s volatile identity is thereby defined as the ‘unknown’, the ‘unpredictable’ and the ‘unstable’. By reading Europe’s ‘other’ in this way, the meaning of ‘European
ratification of the US–Russia START I Treaty reducing intercontinental nuclear missiles; the entry into force of the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty limiting troop levels all over Europe; and NATO’s Partnership for Peace programme, also including Russia. The European Union’s Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) collapsed in 1993 but was revived in a more flexible form, permitting plans for Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to proceed. The conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the establishment in 1995 of the World Trade Organisation meant a major push for Europe toward
, with the demise of the left–right divide which for the last 200 years structured politics, there is only one camp left in possession of the resources to legitimately represent ‘humanity’. In Kosovo, the states going to war as the NATO Alliance represented themselves as ‘humanity’, the implication being that Serbia was cast as an enemy not only of human rights but of humanity as such. There is an
planning of the economy. Europe’s two halves grew increasingly apart and a ‘Cold War’ ensued. The establishment of NATO under US leadership in 1949 confirmed this division and extended it to the security field. A new departure The fact that serious European co-operation, even integration, started shortly after World War II was not self-evident or an automatic result of what had preceded. If things had gone slightly differently, it might not have taken place at all. MUP_Torbion_01_Ch1 1 22/9/03, 12:29 pm 2 Destination Europe On the other hand, it could hardly have
from a planned to a market economy ranging from ‘shock therapy’ to more gradual reform. Western international organisations – including the EU, the Council of Europe and NATO – followed suit with various co-operation and association agreements. The hope of the countries concerned for a new Marshall Plan was not met, but a new European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was meant to fulfil a similar function. The European Union in 1993 concluded a European Economic Area (EEA) agreement with various EFTA countries, tying them closer to it in the areas of trade and
6 Institutional imperatives of system change The evolving European security architecture Introduction The European landscape is changing rapidly, not least owing to a series of decisions taken in the second half of the 1990s. In June 1996, NATO’s foreign ministers decided to adopt ESDI ‘within the Alliance’ and to develop the CJTF concept. In May 1997, NATO and Russia agreed to establish a Joint Permanent Council. In June 1997, EU leaders reached agreement on the AMT. In July 1997 in Madrid, NATO agreed on the admission of three new members (Poland, Hungary and
strengthened when the Nazi threat was replaced by that of Communist Russia, whose thrust was even more explicitly directed at the foundations of Western political and economic order’. 5 An extension and institutionalisation of the wartime relationship beyond its Anglo-American core was carried through via the negotiation and signing of the Washington Treaty in 1949 and the subsequent construction of the institution (NATO) which supported it