Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 3 Timothy W. Guinnane, The Vanishing Irish: Households, Migration, and the Rural Economy in Ireland, 1850–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997). 4 Tara Stubbs, American Literature and Irish Culture, 1910–55 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013). 5 Giovanni Federico, Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800–2000 (Princeton: Princeton
Under Plunkett's stewardship, the co-operative movement galvanised enough support to drive the expansion of this project until it wove various social, economic and political threads together to create a distinct Irish culture. Stephen Gwynn later reflected upon the centrality of the economic aspect to the Revival, which proved decisive in the creation of Ireland's ‘strong culture’. A former Nationalist MP, Gwynn identified many contributors to this cultural milieu which included the Gaelic League, the literary movement and Sinn Féin ‘in its earlier more purely
Most agree that a fundamental lack of economic opportunity at home was the key determinant of outward migration, and that the loss of population had discernible consequences for the development, or more often, lack of development of the Irish economy.22 Fewer studies have assessed how other elements of Irish culture and society affected or were affected by the mass population movement. Arnold Schrier’s pioneering Ireland and the American Emigration was a worthy attempt to do just that, but it was, as the author himself later noted, a preliminary treatment, leaving
proto-nationalist defence of specifically Irish culture, perhaps as a back-cloth to a defence of Irish Parliamentary independence in the early 1720s. Toland’s targets were broader and more fundamental. A deeper reading of the work suggests that the important point for Toland was to unshackle questions of national origins from sacred revelation, rather than to advance the claims of any particular culture. The Specimen was about ‘revolutions’ rather than ‘origins’, about the history of institutions and the ‘ceaseless vicissitudes of things’, rather than providing
Review, Manual of Ceremonies for the Episcopal Visitation of Parishes, and the Administration of the Sacrament of Confirmation (New York[?], 1897). 147 Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, ‘Language, ideology and national identity’ in Joe Cleary and Claire Connolly (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish Culture (Cambridge, 2005), p. 45. 148 Thomas P. Kennedy, A History of Irish Catholicism, v: The Church since Emancipation: 8 Church Building (Dublin, 1970), p. 8. 149 Emmet Larkin, ‘Economic growth’, 858; Myles O’Reilly, Progress of Catholicity in Ireland in the