, Hassan’s capacious postmodernism had come to include such undisputedly postmodern writers as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon and Robert Coover, while he had gone beyond anarchism in coming to see ‘indetermanence’, a combination of indeterminacy and immanence, as the defining element in postmodern fiction (‘we cannot simply rest – as I have sometimes done – on the assumption that postmodernism is antiformal, anarchic, or decreative’). 53 Hassan could apply the term ‘postmodern’ to what he himself saw
Poplar and Docklands, and sharing his extraordinary knowledge of British anarchism; and Bill Schwarz for comments on an earlier draft, and his diligence and forbearance as editor. 1 Claude McKay, Songs of Jamaica (Kingston: Aston W. Gardner, 1912), p. 63
nationalism: the Alliance Nationale and the pronatalist backlash against the femme moderne, 1933–40’, French Historical Studies , 19:3 (1996), pp. 699–723; R. D. Sonn, ‘“Your body is yours”: anarchism, birth control, and eugenics in interwar France’, Journal of the History of Sexuality , 14:4 (2005), pp. 415–32; Cole, The Power of Large Numbers ; F. Gordon, The Integral Feminist: Madeleine Pelletier, 1874 – 1939 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991). 47
became general. But all this signalled a final phase of the colonial impact in education: a revived hostility to outside influences and connections, and a paranoia at the pan-Islamic protest, international anarchism and Bolshevism that many of these educational initiatives seemed to represent. The heirs of old scholastic pilgrims were shadowed or imprisoned. Access to education overseas became more circumscribed. By the later 1930s, the growing insularity of colonial society was marked by Bayly 08_Tonra 01 21/06/2011 10:33 Page 203 Education and development in modern
the second decade of the twentieth century.69 Inspired by British campaigns for women’s suffrage, American women had also begun to argue against the assumption that male political dominance was justified by the capacity – assumed to be exclusively male – to defend the State through force of arms. A powerfully radical strain of feminism infused the nursing profession on both sides of the Atlantic. Emma Goldman, a professional nurse, whose views were coloured by political anarchism, had an important influence on campaigner for sexual emancipation Margaret Sanger.70