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Here we explore socialism – an ideology that, uniquely, sprang from the industrial revolution and the experience of the class that was its product, the working class. Though a more coherent ideology than conservatism, socialism has several markedly different strands. In order to appreciate these, and the roots of socialism in a concrete historical experience, we explore its
We now explore the term ‘equality’, defined in two ways: first, that which concerns equality as a starting point to life; second, equality as an outcome. We also consider equality before the law, equal political rights and equal social rights. After that we examine individual and group equality, and equality in terms of the class structure and international relations. Finally
5 Everyday violence and Mai Mai militias in Eastern DRC What would you do if the state was a man? I’ll kill him.1 A From words to weapons lthough there were skirmishes, especially throughout the 1990s, Chapter 3 has already exposed how the first phase of the conflict was the defining moment in which the armed mobilisation of subordinate classes took place. The fact that the AFDL war was conducted under the guise of a national liberation movement and led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila succeeded in reviving the Mai Mai historical sentiment of fighting against
projecting an image of unanimity and grandeur. It also operates as concealment and stigma, as a way of externalising blame for failure and as a way to stigmatise dissent. They create a pose, illustrating that authority claims generate mutual constraints of behaviour on both authorities and subordinate classes and that consent is not ‘the whole story’ (Scott 1990: 2). In the DRC, although counterdiscourses are part of the public domain, they are constructed in the safety of anonymity. The chapter will proceed as follows. Firstly, it analyses peacebuilding’s public
unity over class, religion and other social divisions. Radicals use it to rally popular support against an unjust government. Appeals to popular sovereignty can be seen in revolutionary documents such as the American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789). Ethnic nationalism and Civic nationalism Ethnic nationalism identifies a close connection between
that’s not the same as just joining living groups. It’s not that easy. So they advised me to go to Amsterdam to get my act together. Despite their differences in class, education, and their structural locations in the world, both of these squatters agree that one must prove oneself to be accepted in an activist community and that activist culture has its own set of standards that are difficult to understand and fulfill at first glance. Frederick, employed as a strategic planner in
, conflict resolution, and even national army and police provisioning). By taking control of these services, subordinate classes are simultaneously articulating modes of political authority and social organisation in a way that denies, mitigates, ‘de-totalises’ and provides alternatives to state authority (Bayart 1983: 119).7 This is not necessarily an attack, or a direct denial. Rather, it is a selfregarding activity, a form of aikido, that subverts forms of extraction by enacting Figure 6.1 Home-made broom, photo taken June 2010, private dwelling, Yolo Nord, Kinshasa
networks, but his sociology of the milieu of creativity can still be usefully applied. In this regard, Latin America’s cities should be counted as centres. Favourable socio-economic conditions and expansion of urban cultures created ideal public spaces for urban modernism (Miller, 2008: 30–6). Cities were expanding, especially where high-volume immigration was involved.Vibrant markets and industries gave the impression of economic dynamism. Education and political systems incorporated the middle classes and touched the working classes for the first time. By the turn
Asian subjects. On the Indian subcontinent, across the twentieth century, such principles and presuppositions were first disseminated as ways of approaching social worlds and soon instituted as dimensions of experience and affect within everyday arenas, at the very least middle-class ones. In this scenario, the blueprints of modernization actually distilled the meanings of the modern, articulating an
particular is nearly always inflicted across a deep division – of race, gender, class, belief – divisions that are significant enough to ‘dehumanise’ or to place those who bear the injury into a realm of non-person and outside the circle of possible empathy. Or, if they do not fit into a ready-made category of otherness, they can be construed as deficient in or as the enemy of whatever is taken to be the crucial identifying moment of humanity. Moreover, since people often display a propensity to cross the barrier, the act of abuse is itself an effort to entrench division