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were designated a separate ‘nation’ within their various host societies, permitted to have their own religious and legal institutions, and yet subjected to all manner of occupational, fiscal, residential and political discriminations. The subordinate status of Jews had left most Jews in poverty, vulnerable to external persecution from the Church, state and people, and dependent internally on their own rabbinical and financial elites. The Enlightenment project
adulthood; rising life expectancy ensures that more people will live long enough to become disabled in old age. When one adds to the steadily growing constituency for disabled rights the increasing unwillingness of disabled people, like other disadvantaged groups, to tolerate discrimination and a ‘second-class’ status in life one can see that the potential for political action is strong and rising. Disabled
now accepted as a form of strict equality in any democratic society’s legal system. Judges should treat all before them equally. Any discrimination in law has to be made on the grounds of relevant elements in the case and all similar cases should be treated alike. Equality before the law as a principle is not, however, balanced by an equal power to exercise legal equality because of the sheer expense of going to law and the
among just war theorists about their number, nature, or manner of application, the following criteria are now commonly acknowledged: in respect of the recourse to war ( ius ad bellum ), legitimate authority, just cause, right intention, proportionality, prospects of success, and last resort; in respect of the conduct of war ( ius in bello ), proportionality and discrimination (or noncombatant immunity). The ambiguity of just war
abuse of rights. Bodies such as Amnesty International, the World Council of Churches and the US State Department regularly comment on patterns of systemically imposed discrimination. Most notably, UN committees and treaty monitoring bodies have been increasingly expressing their concern with aspects of Indigenous life conditions, with the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (land rights and sentencing regimes), the UN Human Rights Commission and the Committee Against Torture (sentencing regimes and incarceration practices) registering disapproval
that there should be no legislation requiring discrimination and no legislation requiring different treatment of different groups. Rawls does not say anything more to clarify the notion of ‘careers open to talents’ and as a result it is amenable to different interpretations. But I assume that careers would not be genuinely open to talents if selectors chose to exclude certain groups from consideration, for otherwise that
women. In Britain, a great deal of legislation has been introduced to advance the cause of greater gender equality: Abortion Law Reform (1967), Divorce Law Reform (1969), Equal Pay Act (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Employment Protection Act (1975) and Domestic Violence Act (1977). However, there has been very limited progress in dealing with the forces of structural gender inequality in society
leader of the Conservative Party: the first time a formal election had been held. 8 November 1965 Race Relations Act introduced, creating the Race Relations Board to investigate unlawful discrimination on grounds of race. 18 January 1967 Thorpe elected leader of the Liberal Party following the resignation of Grimond. 19 December 1967 de Gaulle again vetoes
competencies of the Community; affect the Community policies, actions or programmes; concern the citizenship of the Union or discriminate between nationals of member states; fall outside the limits of the powers conferred upon the Community by the Treaty; constitute discrimination or restrict trade and/or distort competition between member states. Furthermore, an additional condition is inserted in Art. K12, paras 1, 2 and 3 (all of which are subject to the jurisprudence of the ECJ) of the Treaty,14 insofar as this 72 Theory and reform in the European Union stipulates
world society, our accountings still need to grapple with the fact that different types of human beings invariably occupy dissimilar positions. Colour, ethnicity, gender, ideology, intelligence, nationality, occupation, physical capabilities, political affiliation, race, religion, sexuality and wealth, among other signifiers, have been used to justify colonization, discrimination