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fascinated by Russia’s bells: ‘It was said in those days that there were 40 times 40 churches and holy shrines in Moscow, and so you can imagine [on holy days] 40 times 40 bells rang out from all these great and small beautiful architectural edifices. And the whole city was resounding with the music of bells.’23 Hearing Farmborough’s voice, as she recounts her early experiences of Kiev and Moscow, a listener cannot help but be struck by her deep sense of nostalgia. With the hindsight of sixty years, and speaking in a world still fractured by the cold war, in which Eastern
‘phantasies’ in relation to their early experiences that led them to repress or divert internal forces and drives, which could manifest problems in later life. Isaacs claimed that from the moment an infant experienced an instinctual urge, he also had the capacity to think about that urge and to imagine the direction it may take. If an instinctual drive was frustrated, then the infant
the above-mentioned discussions of adaptation and evolution, to the varied concepts of psychoanalysis, where early experiences are said to mould future character and pathology to an enormous extent. This emerges very clearly in child guidance. 18 It is also evident in some strands of sociology – even as part of those ideas that deploy concepts of culture as a measure of civilisation. 19 What I am arguing instead, is that an
brief account of Kate Luard’s early experiences of the First World War, see: Christine E. Hallett, Veiled Warriors: Allied Nurses of the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014): Chapter 1. 25 Anon., Diary of a Nursing Sister: 52–3. On nursing work on hospital trains, see: Hallett, Veiled Warriors: Chapter 1. 26 Anon., Diary of a Nursing Sister: 88–90. 27 Anon., Diary of a Nursing Sister: 206. 28 Anon., Diary of a Nursing Sister: 212. 29 Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth: An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900–1925 (London: Virago Press, 2004
obligations of health in the twentieth century’, in Dorothy Porter, Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times (London: Routledge, 1999); Jane Brooks, Chapter 3, ‘Nursing the nation’, in Jane Brooks, ‘“Visiting rights only”: The early experience of nurses in higher education, 1918–1960’ [unpublished PhD thesis] (London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2005). 74 Arthur Salusbury MacNalty, ‘Medical research’, in Arthur Salusbury MacNalty and W. Franklin Mellor (eds), Medical Services in War: The Principal
many illnesses and injuries. If this was aa late as 1944, it is not clear why chemists were still producing crude penicillin. Peake’s oral history is not particularly clear throughout in terms of timelines, so she could have been referring to earlier experiences in the desert. Kevin Brown identifies that the early researchers in Oxford did not have properly designed culture dishes either and that the team obtained biscuit tins, as well as petrol tins and bedpans, in order to grow the mould. Brown, Fighting Fit, loc. 3546. 157 Anonymous, ‘Penicillin in the field