2 Medicine and charity in Bristol Before the NHS, British healthcare had no national system. 1 While policies could be agreed and pursued by the Ministry of Health, the British Medical Association (BMA), the Institute of Hospital Almoners or any other national body, decision-making was distinctly local. For public hospitals this meant either the poor law union or the municipal authority. In the voluntary hospital
would become the Media Lab in 1985. 12 It is often said that children are more adept than adults at intuiting how computers work. This is because they have been designed to make them child’s play, so to speak. Bibliography Alcock , R. ( 2016 ), ‘ Politics and the New Unconscious: Thinking beyond Biopolitics ’ ( PhD thesis, School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies (SPAIS), University of Bristol ). ALNAP ( 2009 ), ‘ 25th ALNAP Annual Meeting
People on the Move , UNDP , www.undp.org/publications/digital-livelihoods-people-move (accessed 11 November 2022 ). Easton-Calabria , E. ( 2022 ), Refugees, Self-Reliance, Development: A Critical History ( Bristol : Bristol University Press
with Universities and Communities ?, in Facer , K. and Pahl , K. (eds), Valuing Interdisciplinary Collaborative Research: Beyond Impact ( Bristol : Policy Press ), pp. 131 – 52 . Pfoser , A. and de Jong
and Emergency Practice MA, Oxford Brookes University. 6 The analysis in this section is from the findings of the Promoting Safer Building urban study in Tacloban, Philippines. 7 Estimates vary, but around 6,300 are known to have died, the majority in Tacloban (IFRC). 8 The author is indebted to Professor Anastasios Sextos, Bristol University, for inspiring conversations that helped inform this debate. There is quantitative engineering analysis that shows that improving the margin of safety is more cost effective than insisting on safe. Sadly
2016 . Development Initiatives : Bristol . GoC . ( 2017 ), Evaluation of Canada’s Development and Stabilization and Reconstruction Taskforce (START) Programming in South Sudan . Evaluation Report January 2017 . IAHE . ( 2015 ), Report of the Inter-Agency Humanitarian Evaluation (IAHE) of the Response to the Crisis in South Sudan . Final Evaluation Report November 2015 . IOM . ( 2016 ), If We Leave We Are Killed: Lessons Learned from South Sudan Protection of Civilian Sites 2013–2016 . International Organization for
This book examines the payment systems operating in British hospitals before the National Health Service (NHS). An overview of the British situation is given, locating the hospitals within both the domestic social and political context, before taking a wider international view. The book sets up the city of Bristol as a case study to explore the operation and meaning of hospital payments on the ground. The foundation of Bristol's historic wealth, and consequent philanthropic dynamism, was trade. The historic prominence of philanthropic associations in Bristol was acknowledged in a Ministry of Health report on the city in the 1930s. The distinctions in payment served to reinforce the differential class relations at the core of philanthropy. The act of payment heightens and diminishes the significance of 1948 as a watershed in the history of British healthcare. The book places the hospitals firmly within the local networks of care, charity and public services, shaped by the economics and politics of a wealthy southern city. It reflects the distinction drawn between and separation of working-class and middle-class patients as a defining characteristic of the system that emerged over the early twentieth century. The rhetorical and political strategies adopted by advocates of private provision were based on the premise that middle-class patients needed to be brought in to a revised notion of the sick poor. The book examines why the voluntary sector and wider mixed economies of healthcare, welfare and public services should be so well developed in Bristol.
the charitable character of the institution, as will be examined in the next chapter, it became the established practice to have income limits for admission to the ordinary wards. In Bristol these rose from roughly £250 per year in the 1920s to over £400 in the 1940s, roughly in line with the threshold for income tax. 2 Those above this level would have been termed ‘middle-class’ by the Ministry of Labour and hospital authorities alike, and
by this decision. Charity was not crowded out by the expanding public sector in the early twentieth century, but neither did it continue unchanged. As discussed in the previous chapter, the voluntary sector expanded in partnership with the state. In Bristol as elsewhere, the voluntary hospitals were just one area in which this was the case. However, the relationship between the voluntary hospitals and the state was not
before the NHS. An overview of the British situation is given in chapter 1 , locating the hospitals within both the domestic social and political context, before taking a wider international view. Chapter 2 sets up the city of Bristol as a case study to explore the operation and meaning of hospital payments on the ground. It places the hospitals firmly within the local networks of care, charity and public services, shaped by the economics and politics of a