What Lessons Can Be Drawn from Case Studies in France, the United States
and Madagascar?
federal and state chains of command had very disconnected priorities. The organised public health responses became lost in denialism, racist stereotyping, greed, and bureaucratic wrangling. Clear and unambiguous public health hierarchies must, consequently, be put in place and comprehensively tested long before the outbreak of a plague epidemic. The Madagascar public health response was certainly an improvement on those of Marseille and San Francisco. The